Clinical documentation is the process of inputting a patient's medical information into their official patient health records — and in the modern healthcare system, accurate and precise clinical documentation is vital when it comes to facilitating safe and effective care. Therefore, anyone interested in a career in nursing management should have an advanced understanding of the best practices for clinical documentation. Read on as we outline the basics below.
Accurate medical records are essential to the health and safety of patients, which requires healthcare professionals to prioritize precise and compliant clinical documentation processes. According to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), maintaining healthcare compliance during clinical documentation is important because it enhances patient outcomes while adhering to all legal and regulatory guidelines.
Clinical documentation plays a central role in risk management in healthcare. Within an electronic medical record (EMR), both patients and providers should find valuable, accurate information about diagnostics, diagnoses, treatment plans and at-home care. Following clinical documentation processes correctly improves patient safety and continuity of care within a healthcare facility.
There are legal, regulatory and payer requirements in place for clinical documentation, requiring providers and healthcare managers to follow the CMS documentation guidelines when inputting patient information.
While certain legal requirements for nursing documentation must be adhered to, both nurses and nurse managers should rely on the core principles of high-quality documentation when recording and inputting patient information into EMRs.
The core principles of clinical documentation include:
Nurses who are responsible for documenting a patient's medical history and treatment information must prioritize accuracy and completeness at all times, ensuring that all the most relevant information is input into the medical record. Maintaining a sense of objectivity is crucial, as this protects the integrity of the patient's medical record. Person-first and stigma-free language should always be used in documentation.
Clinical documentation should take place as quickly as possible in order to ensure accuracy as well as overall patient care and safety. In addition, authentication is essential to accountability and transparency in clinical documentation.
Clinical documentation should incorporate standardized terminology in healthcare so that all healthcare providers have a clear and consistent understanding of the patient's demographic information, health history and treatment plan. Used too frequently, abbreviations can lead to clinical errors — so use them only when necessary and when they are clearly understood.
Clinical documentation may vary based on where a nurse is working. For example, a nurse manager in an acute care facility may make different types of clinical documentation notes than a nurse in a physician's office.
The following are common note types used in clinical documentation:
Three of the most basic notes in clinical documentation include the H&P, progress notes and discharge summaries. The first documentation that providers include is usually the H&P, or the patient’s history and physical condition. Progress notes should entail a brief, succinct summary of daily progress of a patient, while the discharge summary provides their condition upon discharge and any follow-up care required.
Orders identify which diagnostics the provider would like to receive in order to evaluate and diagnose the patient. Medication Administration Record, or MAR, is a legal documentation note that requires providers to track all medication that is received during treatment. An accurate and precise MAR is key to maintaining healthcare compliance. Medical reconciliation is defined as the formal process of comparing the medications a patient is currently taking with the medications they are receiving during care, and it plays a pivotal part in effective and continuous care.
Consent, capacity and advance directives must be included in clinical documentation so that providers are clear on the patient's preferences and expectations. According to the American Medical Association Code of Ethics, informed consent documentation is both a legal and ethical requirement, ensuring that patients have the accurate information they need to make a confident decision about their care. Capacity documentation refers to the patient's ability to make decisions, and advance directives provide information about patient preferences during the treatment process.
These are some of the best practices for maintaining accurate and compliant electronic health records:
Advanced EHR technology can streamline the process of inputting and updating electronic health records. Additionally, these tools can reduce human errors while supporting patient safety and privacy.
Unnecessary copying and pasting can lead to “note bloat” in an EHR. Rather than including superfluous information, focus on inputting the most relevant and medically necessary information.
Metadata, timestamps and audit trails can be used to improve EHR data security. In the age of telehealth and EHR, patient privacy and data security has never been more critical.
Clinical documentation streamlines communication between providers, particularly during shift changes and transitions.
According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, SBAR and read-back protocols are structured communication tools used widely in healthcare in order to share the most relevant and accurate information about a patient. SBAR stands for:
Clinical documentation can aid in care transitions and discharge planning so that all healthcare providers on the care team are aware of the most recent progress and patient updates.
Coding, billing and medical necessity documentation justify the needs of the patients. They are widely used by healthcare providers and insurance companies to help ensure that patients receive the coverage they need.
ICD-10-CM, CPT/HCPCS and MDM must be in alignment within clinical documentation to support the treatment a patient is undergoing while making sure they also receive the correct insurance reimbursement. According to the CMS documentation guidelines, this alignment is a core principle of clinical documentation.
Quality measures and risk adjustment are used as supplemental information in clinical documentation — working to give patients the highest quality of care while providing fair comparisons of performance across providers with diverse patient populations.
Medical charting guidelines ensure that matters related to patient privacy, security and consent are appropriately documented and protected.
HIPAA documentation guidelines require healthcare providers to input clinical documentation notes that adhere to the Privacy Rule. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Privacy Rule addresses what patient information is protected and how that protected information can be documented.
Most clinical documentation in the modern healthcare system is uploaded to patient portals, where patients have access to their EHR and other communication tools. Utilizing safe, secure and private patient portals is necessary to maintain legal and regulatory compliance.
As telehealth services become more prevalent, those in nursing management need to be aware of telehealth documentation guidelines and principles.
According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, the required elements for providing telehealth services include:
Remote monitoring and asynchronous inputs are a key part of telehealth services, allowing providers to improve continuity of care. However, precise clinical documentation is required for both elements of telehealth care.
All members of the healthcare management team should be committed to quality assurance and continuous improvement in clinical documentation; this is the best way to enhance patient outcomes and risk management in healthcare.
Routine audits and regular peer reviews of clinical documentation guidelines can provide the healthcare management team with the feedback needed to improve processes while ensuring accuracy and compliance.
The Joint Commission compliance standards for clinical documentation require healthcare organizations to input accurate patient records in a timely fashion and to protect health information at all times. Through ongoing training and regular assessment of clinical documentation policies, healthcare managers and providers can maintain compliance and elevate the level of patient trust in their organization.
In the event that an error occurs in the clinical documentation process, it should be corrected and appropriately documented as soon as possible.
Guidelines and best practices for late entries, amendments and legal holds are in place to ensure all patient information is tracked accurately and that a comprehensive patient history is available whenever possible. According to the AAPC, late entries and amendments must be clearly and permanently identified within the patient record.
Medical events or incidents that could have caused harm to a patient (but did not) should be entered into the patient record for the sake of transparency and to identify areas for improvement in the future. Near-miss reporting and improvement tracking are essential to enhancing overarching patient care and reducing liability.
Checklists and tools in a healthcare setting can help improve awareness of medical charting guidelines and clinical documentation practices among all team members.
Providers and healthcare managers should use a daily note checklist to ensure that the patient's health records are complete and accurate before being inputted into the system.
Quick references for guidelines and protocols should be available to all who are performing clinical documentation, enabling them to verify that they are following the correct procedures. This can help standardize clinical documentation processes and improve the provider's ability to offer safe, consistent and effective care for all patients.
Clinical documentation is a skill that nurses begin to hone during their nursing education. At Indiana Wesleyan University, the MSN MBA dual degree program not only focuses on advanced nursing theory but also covers the core competencies required for effective nursing management. Allowing students to expand upon their nursing expertise and build a solid foundation in business, this innovative degree program prepares graduates for leadership positions in healthcare management.
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