Homosexuality and the Bible

 

Preface

My purpose this morning is to run through key biblical texts that either relate to the subject of homosexuality or are thought to relate to it.  I will do this in three stages.  First, I will treat the passages that most clearly prohibit homosexual sex.  Secondly, I will discuss whether the Bible directly addresses the matter of homosexual orientation.  Thirdly, I will remind us of the Christian position on how to treat our neighbors and enemies, no matter who they may be.

 

Part 1: The Bible and Homosexual Sex

A. Leviticus 18 and 20

The two classic OT texts on the issue of homosexuality are Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13:

 

Lev. 18:22: “With a male you will not lie from the beds of a woman. It is an abomination.”

 

Lev. 20:13: “A man who lies with a male from the beds of a woman, they both do an abomination. Dying they will die. Their blood is upon them.”

 

These verses both appear in the “holiness codes” of Leviticus. The first appears in a chapter we might dub, “everything you want to know about how not to have sex” (Leviticus 18). The second appears in a related chapter that extends the discussion of “abominable behavior” to punishments.

 

Let us identify what these verses are about and what they are not about. First, it seems overwhelmingly clear that these passages have at least some form of male homosexual sex in view. The idiom “from the beds of a woman” seems a clear reference to sexual activity. No comment is made on female homosexual activity.  However, let us also note that these verses do not address the issue of what we call a homosexual “orientation.”  The prohibition in both cases refers to a sexual activity and does not address a proclivity.

 

There is nothing in the context of these two passages to suggest that homosexual rape or some similar act of violence is in view. Indeed, Lev. 20:13 implicates both men in the abomination and consigns them both to death. When rape is involved, Deuteronomy 22 absolves a wife from guilt when some man commits adultery with her 1) if she screams in town or 2) if she is in the country on the presumption that she screamed and no one was there to hear her. No clause of this sort appears here. In short, these verses most likely imply consensual sex between two males.

 

Further, the context of both verses is general rather than situational. These passages are laying down sexual activities that are categorically abominable according to the holiness code.  If these verses are addressing situations involving male prostitutes (Deut. 23:18), they certainly do not make it clear.  The burden of proof is thus on anyone who would see these comments about something other than general, homosexual, consensual relations.

 

Before we move on, we should address arguments made against the relevance of these verses in Leviticus to today because they are in Leviticus. The line of argument usually runs something like the following: there are many other verses in Leviticus that hardly any Christian applies to today. The chapter in between these two verses, for example, forbids sowing a field with two different kinds of seed or wearing a garment with two different kinds of thread woven together (Lev. 19:19). So the argument goes, these prohibitions have to do with lines the Israelites drew around reality involving keeping everything “after its kind” and in the right place, considering things unclean that don’t fit in the right box: birds that don’t fly are unclean; land animals that don’t walk, unclean; fish without scales, unclean; blood out rather than in where it belongs, unclean; and thus men who have sex with the wrong gender, unclean.  Yet almost everyone wears polyester without a second thought, so why do Christians get upset about homosexual sex because it isn’t in the right box, or so the argument goes.

 

Further, very few Christians today would put homosexuals to death any more than they would stone a disobedient son (cf. Deut. 21:18-21). And one of the things Christians celebrate is that people who in Leviticus were forbidden from inclusion in the camp—lepers, eunuchs, the lame, etc.—are now fully included in the church.  So almost all Christians already acknowledge implicitly that God has somewhat “loosened” the rules on these things and that not all of these laws are binding on Christians today. So the argument goes, Christians are inconsistent when they focus on one of these rules when they are ignoring so many others.

 

So how might we respond to these comments?  The answer is that the New Testament retains all of the sexual prohibitions of the Old Testament.  The NT does not mention anything about woven threads or mixed seeds, but it does take a strong opposing view toward sexual immorality of all kinds.  While writers like Paul and Matthew do some serious shifting of the OT’s meaning and priority, they do not shift any of the sexual prohibitions of the OT. As far as we can tell, Paul did not change the binding character of any of the sexual prohibitions of Leviticus 18. Indeed, it seems more likely than not that Leviticus 18 gives us the basic content of what Paul meant when he referred to porneia, “sexual immorality.” Any change in the Christian view of homosexual sex thus requires a substantial and fundamental alteration of the foundational precedents in Scripture.

 

We conclude Leviticus enjoins a strict prohibition on male, homosexual sex.

 

 

B.  Romans 1

I jump to the New Testament into Romans 1, the main NT text relating to this issue. In Romans 1:18-3:20, Paul is building toward the conclusion he reaches in chapter 3, variously captured in 3:9, 20, and 23. Paul concludes that all human beings are “under sin” whether Jew or Gentile.

 

In building toward this conclusion, Paul begins with some general comments in Romans 1 with which his audience would readily agree. These arguments seem particularly targeted at a person who might consider him or herself a “Jew” and “boast in God” (2:17). “You know the will of God and approve of things that are excellent revealed from the Law and have become convinced that you are leader of the blind, a light of those in darkness...” The person Paul has in mind is someone who thinks they might boast about their knowledge of the law.

 

To set up such a person, to catch him or her in hypocrisy, Paul presents a number of sins in Romans 1:18-32 that such a person might readily rail against. While Paul never mentions Gentiles explicitly in these verses, he invokes the two most stereotypical Gentile sins: idolatry (1:23) and sexual immorality, homosexual sex in particular. This is a sting operation—not that Paul doesn’t believe these things are sinful—it is just they are not the point that he is really working toward. His real purpose is to show that anyone who might boast in their own righteousness stands just as condemned as anyone else, just as subject to the wrath of God as anyone mentioned in Romans 1.

 

These facts lead us to our first observation. Before a person comes to Christ, all sins have the same effect and are thus, for all intents and purposes, the same. Some of you will know that I do not believe that all sins are of the same consequence after we come to Christ. But before we are justified by faith, all sins may as well be equal: they all imply that we lack the glory God intended for us (3:23). Similarly, we are all just as easily and freely justified by the blood of Christ (3:24). For all intents and purposes, homosexual sex is no different from any other sin when it comes to the time before we have faith in Christ. When we come to Christ, this sin is forgiven just as much as any lie we might have told or any stealing we might have done or any hateful word we might have said.

 

Romans 1:18-32 itself presents a process of abandonment by God with a resultant deterioration into darkness and shame. We might capture the train of thought as follows: First, the wrath of God is against all human ungodliness (1:18). Paul plays out this general statement in the rest of the chapter. The starting point for such ungodliness among most humans is as follows. While the invisible things of God should be clear to everyone (his eternal power and divinity), humanity has not glorified God or given Him thanks accordingly. They have exchanged the truth of God for a lie (1:23). They worshiped idols and images rather than the true God. This comment alone makes it clear that Paul primarily has Gentiles rather than Jews in view in Romans 1.

 

Three “He delivered” sections follow. Paul implies that in response to the Gentile’s failure to acknowledge God as God, in response to human idolatry, God lets a process of deterioration take place. God abandons the pagan world to several consequences:


1. Therefore, God delivered them to the desires of their hearts. This involves dishonoring their bodies among themselves (1:24) and worshiping the creature rather than the Creator (1:25). It is possible that Paul then plays out these two comments in the rest of the chapter. In other words, 1:24-25 seem a kind of general statement whose particulars appear in the rest of the chapter.


2. So 1:26-27 play out the first comment: Gentiles dishonored their bodies among themselves. 1:26 says God delivered them to dishonorable passions. Paul then enumerates female and male homosexual sex. 1:26 speaks of women exchanging the natural use for that beside nature (para physin). 1:27 then speaks of males leaving the natural use of the female and burning toward one another, “males among males doing the shameful.”


3. 1:28-32 then play out the second comment on “exchanging the truth of God for a lie” from 1:25. God delivered them (1:28) to a worthless mind. What follows is a list of vices that Paul considers “worthy of death” (1:32).

 

What might this passage contribute to the matter of Christianity and homosexuality?  First of all, it seems clear that Paul believes homosexual sex of both the male and female kind to be shameful, dishonorable, and unnatural. Paul is not speaking of same-sex rape or pederasty or violence. He is speaking of a man doing with a man what a man “naturally” does with a woman. Paul’s language here evokes images of Leviticus 18 and 20. We might also mention that this is the only reference in the Bible to female homosexual sex.

 

Some have argued at this point that the connection between idolatry and homosexual acts points to male temple prostitution as what Paul has in mind. Their argument is thus that Paul is only condemning homosexual sex associated with a pagan temple here and not something like a monogamous homosexual relationship. This argument seems highly unlikely to me. For one, I’m not sure how common male-male temple prostitution was in the ancient world, in fact if it even existed at this time. I have serious doubts about how prevalent such a practice was.

 

All the evidence at our disposal indicates that homosexual sex was considered dishonorable in most of the Roman world even by pagans. The Roman historian Tacitus speaks with disdain of the emperor Nero’s preference for “young men” at his court.  Ancient Greece may have been the exception a few centuries previous under certain circumstances (i.e., in Plato’s day), but I’m not sure how prevalent this acceptance was even in Paul’s day in Greece. Romans 1 does not give us sufficient evidence to conclude Paul was thinking of homosexual sex at a temple.

 

Second, Paul considers such desires the consequence of the Gentiles’ failure to acknowledge God properly. Because the Gentiles do not acknowledged God as God, God has abandoned them to these desires. It is probably significant to note a slight strangeness to this train of thought, for Paul makes it sound like the entire pagan world, as a consequence of their idolatry, ends up engaged in homosexual sex. The reason this is significant to note is because it reveals that Paul is not thinking of the small segment of the human population that we today would classify as homosexual. His argument is about the whole world, and the failure of the whole pagan world to acknowledge God as God has lead, for one thing, to sexual shame.

 

One difficult interpretive issue comes from Paul’s comment that such people were working the shameful “and receiving the punishment among themselves that was necessary because of their error” (1:27). What punishment did Paul have in mind? Many turn at this point to something like AIDS or venereal diseases as the punishment “in themselves.” But no mention is made of physical consequences. Such a line of thought fits suspiciously with the way we in a medically, scientifically oriented culture think—it seems anachronistic.

 

Given Paul’s honor-shame world, I think the most likely answer is that the action itself is so shameful that it is its own punishment. In other words, might we dynamically translate the statement something like the following: “men with men working the shameful and thus receiving among themselves the punishment of disgrace necessary given their error.” Given the way Paul’s world thought, this interpretation seems the one that is most likely.

 

Third, it is not clear that Paul considers homosexual sin here worse than the viceful individuals he mentions later in the chapter. Indeed, it is those with vices in 1:29-31 that Paul speaks of as worthy of death—people like slanderers. There is nothing in the chapter to lead us to conclude that Paul meant to emphasize the homosexual sinners of 1:26-27 as worse than the others in the chapter. Indeed, if Paul were giving a downward spiral—and I don’t necessarily think he is—then the sinners at the end of the chapter would be worse than those in the middle.

 

To summarize: Paul considers homosexual sex of all kinds not only as sinful, shameful, and unnatural, but he sees it as a consequence of a failure to acknowledge God as God. However, Paul is not writing about a specific group of people like homosexuals—a modern category—he is making a universal argument about Gentiles as a whole and homosexual sex as the kind of thing that results among pagans who do not believe in God. Sexual sins of this sort are common to all non-believers in general, not just a particular group with a certain orientation, because Gentiles are pagan and idolatrous. Finally, Paul gives us no indication that he considered homosexual sex as more sinful or a greater object of God’s wrath than the other sinners at the end of the chapter.

 

 

The Rest of the New Testament

There are three final references to homosexual sex in the New Testament:

 

1 Corinthians 6:9-11: “Do you not know that he unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? You don’t err, do you? Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor male prostitutes nor those who have homosexual sex nor thieves nor the greedy nor drunkards nor the abusive nor robbers will inherit the kingdom of God. And some of you were these things. But you were washed; you were sanctified; but you were justified by the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God.”

 

Let us first explore the 1 Corinthians 6 passage. The two references of greatest interest to us are the terms I have translated as “male prostitutes” (malakoi) and “those who have homosexual sex” (arsenokoitai).

 

The word malakos basically means “soft,” and there is legitimately room for some discussion of what Paul specifically has in mind. Given its apparent connection with arsenokoites, the word that follows, it seems to have some connection to homosexual sex. Unfortunately, there are no other biblical passages that might shed light on its precise meaning for Paul. There are two occurrences in the Septuagint and two in the gospels, but they simply mean “soft.”

 

All in all, the explanation I have found most persuasive is that it is a reference to the “passive” partner in homosexual sex as a particular type of person. It thus has a sense of effeminacy in the sense of regularly taking the “female’s role” in sex. Although we might think of other contexts for such a person, a “male prostitute” surely comes close.

 

The word arsenokoites is intriguing. Its appearance here and in 1 Timothy 1:10 is the first known use of the word in all surviving Greek literature, leading some to believe that Paul himself coined the term. I personally think this unlikely. The argument I find most persuasive is that this verse is actually composed from the Leviticus 18 passage. In Greek, Leviticus 18:22 reads:

 

“And with a male (arsen) you will not lie a woman-like bed (koite).”

 

You can easily see how Jews might have referred to the content of this verse by the shorthand arseno-koites. An arsenokoites is thus someone who lies with a man as a man lies with a woman. By the way, I notice that one word that appears over and over in the Greek of Leviticus 18 is aschemosyne (“shamefulness” or some such, translating the Hebrew word “nakedness”). This is the very same word that Romans 1 says men with men were “working.” Romans 1 thus evokes images of Leviticus 18 in its discussion of male-male sex. Thus one cannot simply reject Leviticus because it appears in the OT—Paul clearly implies that its teaching on this subject continues into the new covenant. One can of course disagree with Paul also, but it is not simply a matter of Leviticus.

 

It thus seems likely that, in some way, Paul condemns the behavior of those who might either be prone to submit themselves to the passive role in homosexual sex (male prostitutes?) or who are prone to take the active role in homosexual sex (NIV: “homosexual offenders”).

 

Again, let us try to be as precise as possible about what Paul might be thinking. I believe that Paul is referring to activities, not to characteristics a person might have apart from having sex. For example, I don’t think that malakos simply refers to some man who is effeminate.  As we will mention in the next section, the idea of a person with a certain psychological disposition toward the same sex is a modern category.  Homosexuality in the ancient world was understood in terms of actions rather than orientations.  It seems anachronistic to see malakos as something other than someone who takes the “female” role in homosexual sex.

 

Second, I don’t think getting drunk once got you on this list as a drunkard. I don’t think that committing adultery once and then truly repenting got you on this list as an adulterer (I say this without minimizing the serious sinfulness of committing adultery even one time). I really believe that Paul is speaking of people who habitually got drunk or habitually had homosexual sex. Again, I do not thereby mean that a single instance of greed is not a sin. But I think Paul is targeting repeat offenders in this list. You can repent for one sin, but in my theology, you have to wonder how repentant a person truly is when a person continues to do the same sin repeatedly.

 

And here let me remind you all that I am an Arminian and do not believe the Bible teaches unconditional salvation. Paul is speaking to Christians at Corinth in these verses, and he tells them that people with certain behaviors (including them) simply will not be included in the coming kingdom of God. He includes those who habitually participate in homosexual sex on the list, but does not indicate it is any more condemning than adulterers or drunkards.

 

Here let us pause to consider the idea that homosexuality is a “double sin.” I have heard some suggest that homosexuality is twice as bad as adultery because it violates two rules at once: 1) sex outside of marriage and 2) same-sex sex.  On the one hand, I acknowledge that I do not think that post-justification sins are all the same in terms of their consequences—I do think there are bigger and lesser sins post-conversion in terms of the damage they do to our relationship with God. As I mentioned above, before we come to Christ all sins may as well be the same. But I view sin after faith in quasi-relational terms. So not every “sin” against my wife damages my relationship with her to the same degree. All “sins” against my wife damage my relationship with her, but not all sins damage it to the same extent.

 

Let’s say I forget our anniversary. I have done her wrong, I have “sinned” against her. I didn’t intentionally forget, so I don’t think she would divorce me. Of course repentance is in order. On the other hand, if I were to have an affair (intentionally seems the only option here), our marriage might have difficulty surviving without a lot of grace from God.

 

In the same way, some sins damage our relationship with Christ more severely than others. If I neglect to pray or worship Him for a couple weeks because I am pre-occupied, I am prepared to call that a sin (I don’t wish to go down a rabbit trail of psychoanalysis of intentionality here). But I think the damage can be repaired (in me, not in God) quickly. But if I curse Christ and burn the Scriptures because an emperor is threatening to behead me, perhaps the relationship would be severed immediately with Christ (and at some point I may find myself unable to repent, cf. Heb. 12:17).

 

So I accept that it is possible that homosexual sex might be more or less damaging to one’s relationship with God than other sins.  But I consider this a matter for us to wrestle with quite seriously—and one to which I have no authoritative answer.  Why would homosexual sin be more severe than adultery?

 

1. Because of motive?  No doubt some engage in homosexual sex with a defiant attitude toward God.  But this is not true of all homosexuals by any means.

 

2. Because of character?  No doubt some embrace a lifestyle of defiance toward God in their homosexuality.  But others wrestle with homosexuality for years before they conclude they can’t wrestle with it anymore.  They live out their lives in a kind of detached relationship to the church, sometimes attending with a part of their lives they don’t know how to integrate with Christianity.  They sin regularly according to 1 Corinthians 6:9, but they do not do so in defiance of God.  Yet we must take such “repeat offense” very seriously given 1 Corinthians 6:9.  These verses imply that repeat offenders will not inherit the kingdom of God.

 

3. Is homosexuality a sin because of an act that has negative consequences?  God prohibits some acts because they have negative consequences on individuals or social structures.  I am not qualified to say what negative implications homosexuality might have on a social structure.  I have heard doctors speak of physical problems that sometimes result from male homosexual practice.  Then there are of course various sexually transmitted diseases.  But on the whole, it is not clear what immediate negative consequences consensual homosexual relationships have on individuals and societies.  This may again be my ignorance.

 

4. Because of an act that God has declared unclean in itself?  All in all, this domain seems the one that best explains why God has prohibited homosexual sex.  Prohibitions in this category do not need explanations—they are simply what God has decreed.  Uzzah dies when he touches the ark because he is an unclean individual touching the holy.  His motives or character do not matter.

 

So by these criteria is homosexual sex a worse sin than, for example adultery?  It depends primarily on how one weights the final consideration above.  In motive or consequence it could well be less damaging to one’s relationship to God than an adulterous affair or habitual lying or greed.  But it is hard to know how the last category harms our relationship to God on this issue, and 1 Corinthians 6:9-10 imply disbarment from the kingdom of God for a lifestyle of homosexual practice.

 

So let’s return to the “double sin” perspective, the idea that we have two sins at once because a person is 1) having sex outside marriage and 2) having it in a homosexual way.  With regard to the sin of Sodom, the sin against “heavenly beings” was intensified by the violence of the sin and the homosexual nature of the violence (cf. Jude 7).  However, in general I don’t think Paul considered the act itself of having sex as what defiled when you had sex outside marriage. What defiled was the particular context in which you were having that sex outside of marriage. Having sex with a prostitute and having sex with someone of the same sex defiled because of the inappropriate venues in which you were having said sex.

 

It is a small distinction but nevertheless one that I think has consequences for this discussion. Paul believed that you should only have sex within marriage because all other venues of having sex defiled you. Pop Christian thought today believes that all other venues of having sex defile you because you should only have sex within marriage. If this distinction is correct, then homosexual sex is a single act of defilement, not a double defilement.  The intensity of sinfulness depends only on the degree of “uncleanness” it represents in God’s eyes.

 

My comment on 1 Timothy will be brief:

 

1 Timothy 1:8-11: “Now we know that the Law is good if someone uses it lawfully, since we know this fact: the Law is not in place for the righteous but for law-breakers and the unruly, the godless and sinners, the unholy and profane, father and mother-killers, murderers, the sexually immoral, those who practice homosexual sex, slave traders, liars, perjurors, and if there is something else that is opposed to sound teaching according to the glorious gospel of the blessed God, a gospel with which I have been entrusted.”

 

This is a peculiar way of putting things for Paul, for he basically equates the Law with the 10 commandments in the specific sins he mentions. Other letters in the Pauline corpus speak of the Law in relation to boundary markers like circumcision and holy day observance. In any case, in relation to the 10 commandments arsenokoites appears either in association with adultery or perhaps covetousness. I’m not sure that this passage adds much new to our discussion, although one might argue that this list is more severe than the one in 1 Corinthians and thus that homosexual sin is more severe in degree than some other sins (but note that lying is on this list as well).

 

Summary: Paul considers homosexual sex to be sinful and indeed, if one does not repent and if it persists, it can disbar one from the kingdom. But it is not clear that Paul considers it a worse sin than adultery, perhaps even than persistent greed or lying.

 

 

Part 2: The Bible and Homosexual Orientation

The idea of a sexual orientation seems by all accounts a rather modern conception whose roots were in 19th century diagnoses of homosexuality as a medical condition.  These “conditions” were then expanded in the 20th century into the idea of a psychological orientation. It is thus doubtful that any biblical author understood homosexuality apart from sexual activity.  When the Bible refers to matters homosexual, it is thinking about sex, not lust toward the same sex apart from sex.

 

As an aside, this observation does not excuse homosexual lust.  It seems that if it is inappropriate for a heterosexual to lust after someone of a different sex, surely it is inappropriate for a homosexual to lust after someone of the same sex.

 

Today, we think of homosexuals as a psychological type of person; they thought of homosexuals as a behavioral type of person, a person who had sex with people of the same gender. The Bible thus seems to say nothing directly about what we might call a “celibate homosexual.” The biblical authors were not thinking of such a person in any of their indictments of matters homosexual.

 

Sodom and Gomorrah

I do not think this passage is as relevant to the topic at hand as many think, except that it likely presupposes the attitude of Leviticus 18 toward homosexual acts. But I do not think that Genesis 19 portrays the men of Sodom and Gomorrah as homosexuals with a particular kind of sexual orientation.  We remember that a male can commit “sodomy” with a woman—it refers to a particular way of having sex, not to an orientation.  And even beyond this fact, the homosexual acts the men of Sodom wish to commit illustrate their impious nature, but homosexual sex is not the focal sin of this passage even if it is the one that most grabs our attention today.

 

We gain insight into the nature of Sodom’s sin by comparing Genesis 19 to Judges 19 where a very similar story appears. In that story, a Levite and his concubine find themselves traveling and needing to stay in a city for the night. The Levite is faced with a choice between staying in Benjamin, Israelite territory, or in Jerusalem, which at that time was still Jebusite. So he stays in Gibeah, a Benjamite city, in the home of a virtuous old man who offers him lodging.

 

We stop here to mention the nature of ancient virtue in relation to hospitality of this sort. To entertain strangers was universally considered a sacred duty in the ancient world, as Hebrews 13:2 reflects. I know our knee-jerk response to taking hospitality so seriously is usually one of “you have to be joking.” Such values seem trivial to our modern cultural viewpoint. Nevertheless, this reaction comes from a lack of awareness of ancient culture as well as a lack of awareness of our own glasses.

 

The Greek story of Baucis and Philemon in Ovid’s Metamorphoses is an excellent case in point, a story that reverberates in the story of Paul and Barnabas in Acts 13. In this story, the gods Zeus and Hermes disguise themselves as humans and go around among humanity (cf. Heb. 13:2 here also). An elderly couple finally welcomes them in after wholesale rejection by the rest of the region. After the gods have revealed themselves, they destroy everyone in the region except the elderly couple, whom they reward. The reason is the impious inhospitality of the region toward strangers.

 

So when Abraham runs out to welcome the three angels to his house in Genesis 18, it is not because he recognizes them as angels. Indeed, in accordance with custom he doesn’t even find out their business until after he has fed them. In short, Genesis presents Abraham as a virtuous man, a man who entertains strangers according to the sacred duties of hospitality to strangers. We notice that this story occurs right before the story of Sodom and Gomorrah and is likely meant to contrast Abraham’s hospitable virtue with Sodom’s opposite impiety.

 

Back to the story of the Levite and the concubine in Judges. We note that after the old man of the house refuses to allow them access to the Levite, they give them his concubine, whom they rape to death. Notice that this is not a homosexual activity. In short, the central sin of these men in Judges is their abominable behavior toward strangers, and strangers of their own people nonetheless. From our perspective, their violent rape of the concubine is also a massive sin, although Judges does not highlight this element of the story. These men were not homosexuals, for they went on to rape the concubine. They were rapists—violent, faithless men.

 

So when we return to Sodom and Gomorrah, we find exactly the same kind of situation.  The focal sin of the original meaning of Genesis was the despicable way they treated strangers who had come under the protection of someone’s house. The fact that they wished to do so by way of homosexual acts then heightened the sinfulness of their plans (cf. Jude 7). But it is highly dubious to consider these men “homosexuals” in any modern sense. Nothing in the story suggests that the men of the city ever had sex with each other!  Presumably they had wives and children. From our perspective, they are violent rapists. We should think of them more in terms of the stories you sometimes hear about men in prison rather than in terms of modern homosexuality.

 

A careful reading of the Sodom and Gomorrah story confirms this line of interpretation. For example, if these men were homosexuals, why would Lot offer them his daughters (19:8)? Given the usual stereotype of Sodom as a city of rampant homosexuality, wouldn’t Lot have known he was “barking up the wrong tree” to offer them his daughters? And Lot himself makes it clear the focal point of the problem with their plan is: “they have come under the protection of my roof” (19:8). This is very similar to what the old man of Gibeah says to the crowd there in Judges 19:23.

 

The gospels confirm these connotations to the story in Matthew 10:15 and Luke 10:12. In these passages, Jesus is discussing the fate of cities that might reject the disciples when they go out with the gospel.  In both passages, Jesus tells his followers that it will be worse for the cities that reject them than it will be for Sodom on the day of judgment. Meanwhile, other cities that rejected Jesus are mentioned in both contexts. Clearly the train of thought makes the best sense if the primary sin of Sodom that Jesus has in mind is the way they treated God’s messengers.  In short, if we read these passages in context, the sin of Sodom that Jesus focuses on is not the sexual part, but the city’s behavior toward God’s messengers.  So the Sodom and Gomorrah story does not contribute much to the question of Christianity and homosexuality other than its assumption that homosexual acts are abominable.

 

 

Part 3. Wrapping Things Up

For the last few minutes I have tried to run through the biblical witness on the topic of homosexual sex as best I could. Here is an attempt to place that witness into a flow. I would say that there are at least two primary reasons why things are prohibited in Leviticus and the other codes of the Pentateuch. One set of reasons has to do with holiness, purity, and impurity. The other relates to social consequences. In my opinion, sexuality is a particularly powerful intersection of these two domains, one of the reasons why the New Testament does not seem to alter its stance very much on sexual purity issues.

 

The lines of purity and impurity change on many issues between the OT and the emergent NT church. For example, Mark says that Jesus declared all foods clean (Mark 7:19). Paul says in Romans 14:14 that no food is unclean in itself but if you think it is unclean, then it is unclean. I suspect originally, many of the reasons for the purity rules had to do with setting boundaries between Israel and the surrounding peoples (rather than health, for example, an explanation that fits suspiciously with a modern worldview). These boundary lines may have seemed more arbitrary in the time of Christ, and it is interesting to see a Jew like Philo trying to find a philosophical reason for the Jewish abstention from pork (to him it relates to the virtue of self-control).

 

But Paul changes none of the lines of clean and unclean when it comes to sexuality. Homosexual sex, sex with a prostitute, sex with one’s step mother, these things meant defilement to him.  I have argued a number of things here, which I will now summarize:


1. It is the unanimous position of all Scripture—at least insofar as the topic is discussed—that homosexual sex is sinful and defiling. 1 Corinthians 6:9 says that “homosexuals”—in the sense of those who habitually practice same-sex—will not inherit the kingdom of God along with any number of other types of offender.


2. The biblical authors do not directly address matters of “orientation.” Their comments have to do with those who might habitually and constantly engage in homosexual acts, not those who have desires on which they never act. Modern “homosexuals” and ancient “homosexuals” are groups that overlap but that are not exactly the same. For example, ancient homosexuals were likely married and had children, even though they favored their own gender sexually.


3. Since Paul believes all sins imply a destiny of death for all, homosexual sex has the same consequence as any other sin before coming to Christ.


4. Even after a person comes to Christ, it remains to be demonstrated that homosexual sex is more displeasing to God than other sins like adultery, greed, or lying. The Bible considers it a sin, but it is a matter for serious wrestling as to whether it is really the “sin of all sins” as it is so often treated.  The Bible bids us take all sin seriously, but it is possible that much of Christianity has it out of focus in terms of its intensity of sinfulness.

 

I would like to close with a reminder of the Christian position on our neighbors and enemies.  Jesus considered the commandment to love our neighbors as ourselves the second greatest commandment on which, along with the command to love God with all our selves, the Law and the Prophets hang (a command that also comes from Leviticus).  When a young man tried to wiggle out of the command by debating who his neighbor was, Jesus told the Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10).  Unlike today, “Samaritan” was not a good word back then to Jews.  Jesus picked the type of person that a Jew would have liked to be the “bad guy” in the story.  So if we are to get the feel for this parable, we have to replace the Samaritan with a type of person we would least want to love.  For many Christians, a homosexual would be a good replacement.  Who is my neighbor?  Who do I need to love as myself?  Homosexuals are some of those.

 

And what does it mean to love someone as you love yourself?  I think part of what it means is putting yourselves in their shoes and asking how you would want to be treated.  Let’s say you woke up one morning and found that you were attracted to the same gender.  Let’s say you didn’t want to be, that you tried your best to change your way of thinking, that you prayed incessantly for God to change your attractions but that for some reason, He didn’t.  The Bible never teaches that because you are born a certain way that your way is thereby sanctioned by God—in Christian theology this is a fallen world marred by sin.  In the age to come there will not be things like Down’s Syndrome or people inclined to harm others.  But loving your neighbor as yourself means that you treat others as you would want others to treat you if you were in their shoes.

 

Finally, let me remind us all that Jesus not only enjoined love of our neighbors, by whom he meant everyone.  But talking in a different context, he also enjoined his followers to love their enemies (Matt. 5).  So if we are to love our neighbors and love our enemies, there is no one left.  Any use of the Bible to support the hatred of others is unchristian and unacceptable from the standpoint of Christ.  Anyone who would advocate hatred of homosexuals or, what is more subtle, who would live with an attitude that embodies hatred of homosexuals, needs to repent and ask God for forgiveness as well. 

 

It is both amazing and sad to me that the world often has more Christ-like attitudes toward others and advocates more Christian behaviors toward others than Christians themselves do.  On any host of topics, it is amazing to me that under the smugness of being “in,” Christians feel at liberty to back stab others and talk behind their backs, and to condemn others with delight on many issues.  Christians in our circles often talk down or look down on other Christians in the most immature and uninformed fashion.  In many of these matters, the ethics and professionalism of the world consistently puts us to shame, and many Christians would fail in the secular work place if held up to its standards with regard to issues like harassment and wholesomeness.  This is something I would like us to ponder long and hard before we leave the comfy fish bowl of an IWU for the world.  After all, we want to be people who are world changers for the better, not for the inferior.